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The most common cause of a flying line displacement is "off airway" sideslip. A sideslip is a path the aircraft runs directly away from the centreline of the runway. An off-airway side slip is when the centre of mass of the aircraft moves in the opposite direction to the main longitudinal axis of the runway. This is opposite direction from that of a conventional sideslip. It is caused by one of the problem that can affect aircraft in the area, most commonly Loss Of Vertical Navigation (LONG).[21]
The incident that demonstrated an aircraft moving in a direction away from the centre of the runway, or in what pilots call an S-turn, occurred at the Tokyo Seaplane Base on April 24, 1990. The pilot made an emergency landing when he lost the aircraft's ability to maintain directional control due to a malfunctioning instrument.[21]
The most common cause of the aircraft being displaced from the runway centreline is due to off-airway side slip. This usual results in'vectoring' to the right or left of centre line. This is caused by a mistake a pilot might make in finding a reference point for a straight-in instrument approach. Our experience shows that the first reference point used is most often the local ground ahead on the runway the aircraft is intending to approach.[22]
The most common types of instrument approach are IFR (previously called NDB, non-directional beacons) and VOR-DME (directional beacons). Obsolete approaches include VOR-DME-NAD (Non-Directional Approach), VOR-NAD, VOR-CNI, Ad/VOR (Advertise/VOR receiver), and NDB-VOR-NAD. LPI (Localizer/GPS) approaches, such as LPV, LPV-LPM, and LPV-MDA, are not included in this manual. d2c66b5586